Free The History of White People by Nell Irvin Painter Page A

‘race.’”
     
     

* And there Ben Capra fell out of history. The rest of his life is not known.
     
     

† Movie stars routinely changed their names (or had them changed) into something more Anglo-Saxon sounding, hence Kirk Douglas (born Issur Demsky), Anne Bancroft (born Anna Maria Italiano), Rita Hayworth (born Margarita Cansino), George Burns (born Nathan Birnbaum), Alan Alda (Alphonso D’Abruzzo), and Fred Astaire (Frederick Austerlitz).
     
     

‡ Capra won an Academy Award (his second) for directing for Mr. Deeds Goes to Town , which was nominated for three other Academy Awards. Mr. Smith Goes to Washington was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won for best screenplay. Capra also directed The Negro Soldier , intended to raise the morale of African Americans in the segregated U.S. armed forces.
     
     

* Elite institutions were not always thrilled at the prospect of hordes of veterans invading their campuses. The president of the University of Chicago envisioned institutions like his “converted into educational hobo jungles.”
     
     

* The Levitt family was Jewish, but its first suburban community, “Strathmore-at-Manhasset,” barred Jews. William Levitt noted, “No one realizes better then Levitt that an undesirable class can quickly ruin a community.”
     
     

† Rule number 7 long required that Miss America contestants “be of good health and of the white race.” The first African American contestant was Cheryl Brown, Miss Iowa, in 1970.
     
     

* Herberg’s Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (1955) does not include black Protestantism as a constituent of American religion. In September 1965 Herberg published an article in National Review criticizing the civil rights movement for “deliberately undermining the foundations of internal order in this country. With their rabble-rousing demagoguery….”
     
     

* The 1948 civil rights plank enraged southern Democrats, who walked out of the convention and formed their own States’ Rights (“Dixiecrat”) Party with J. Strom Thurmond, governor of South Carolina, as its presidential candidate.
     
     

* Members of the NOI exchanged their “slave names” for “X,” which stood for the loss of their unknown African families and names. After Malcolm X left the NOI and made the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1964, he took the name El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz.
     
     

* Agnew resigned the vice presidency after being indicted for bribery, becoming the first to leave office under the threat of criminal conviction.
     
     

† In 1965 Vivian Malone (1942–2005) became the first African American to graduate from the University of Alabama. James A. Hood (b. 1943), had entered with her in 1963, but left the university with an ulcer after a few months of harassment. He earned a doctorate in education from the university in 1997.
     
     

‡ Novak went on to honors. Since 1978 he has held the George Frederick Jewett Chair in Religion and Public Policy at the conservative American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C. He received the million-dollar Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion, awarded at Buckingham Palace, in 1994 and delivered the Templeton address in Westminster Abbey.
     
     

* Glazer is featured in Arguing the World , a film about the Jewish New York intellectuals who attended the City College of New York in the 1930s and 1940s and became leading American public intellectuals. Having started out as Trotskyites, they often became strong anticommunists in the 1950s and 1960s and leading neoconservatives following the turmoil of the 1960s.
     
     

* In 1965 Moynihan published The Negro Family: The Case for National Action , also known as “The Moynihan Report,” which added African Americans to the literature of degenerate families. From 1973 to 1975 he served as U.S. ambassador to India and in 1976 was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served four terms.
     
     

* Nathan Glazer