Descartesâ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain , New York: Putnam, 1994, and Joseph LeDoux, The Emotional Brain , New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
29 about 2 percent George Lakoff, The Political Mind , New York: Penguin, 2008, p. 9.
29 classic 1979 experiment Lord, Ross & Lepper, âBiased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence,â Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 1979, Vol. 37, No. 11, p. 2098â2109.
29 affirmative action and gun control Taber & Lodge, âMotivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs,â American Journal of Political Science , Vol. 50, Number 3, July 2006, pp. 755â769.
30 the accuracy of gay stereotypes Munro & Ditto, âBiased Assimilation, Attitude Polarization, and Affect in Reactions to Stereotype-Relevant Scientific Information,â Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , June 1997, Vol. 23, No. 6, p. 636â653.
30 âconfederation of systemsâ Jonathan D. Cohen, âThe Vulcanization of the Human Brain: A Neural Perspective on Interactions Between Cognition and Emotion,â Journal of Economic Perspectives , Vol. 19, No. 4, Fall 2005, p. 3â24.
30 closely related to those that we find in other animals See Joseph LeDoux, The Emotional Brain , New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
30 somewhere in Africa âHomo sapiens,â Institute on Human Origins, available online at http://www.becominghuman.org/node/homo-sapiens-0 .
30 fast enough to detect with an EEG device Milton Lodge and Charles Taber, The Rationalizing Voter , unpublished manuscript shared by authors.
31 ânatural selection basically didnât trust usâ Interview with Aaron Sell, August 12, 2011.
31 control system to coordinate brain operations Leda Cosmides & John Tooby, âEvolutionary Psychology and the Emotions,â Handbook of Emotions , 2 nd Edition, M. Lewis & J.M. Haviland Jones, Eds. New York: Guilford, 2000.
31 âprimacy of affectâ R.B. Zajonc, âFeeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences,â American Psychologist , February 1980, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 151â175.
31 spreading activation Milton Lodge and Charles Taber, The Rationalizing Voter , unpublished manuscript shared by authors.
32 âThey retrieve thoughts that are consistent with their previous beliefsâ Interview with Charles Taber and Milton Lodge, February 3, 2011.
32 weâre actually being lawyers Jonathan Haidt, âThe Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment,â Psychological Review , 2001, Vol. 108, No. 4, 814â834.
32 âconfirmation biasâ For an overview, see Raymond S. Nickerson, âThe Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises,â Review of General Psychology , 1998, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 175â220.
32 âdisconfirmation biasâ Taber & Lodge, âMotivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs,â American Journal of Political Science , Vol. 50, Number 3, July 2006, pp. 755â769.
33 âa person who claimed that he had won the raceâ Paul Bloom & Deena Skolnick Weisberg, âChildhood Origins of Adult Resistance to Science,â Science , May 18, 2007, Vol. 316, pp. 996â997.
33 either heavy metal or country Paul A. Klaczynski, âBias in Adolescentsâ Everyday Reasoning and Its Relationship With Intellectual Ability, Personal Theories, and Self-Serving Motivation,â Developmental Psychology , 1997, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 273â283.
35 âAt least by late adolescence. . .â Paul A. Klaczynski and Gayathri Narasimham, âDevelopment of Scientific Reasoning Biases: Cognitive Versus Ego-Protective Explanations,â Developmental Psychology , 1998, Vol. 34, No. 1, 175â187.
35 our groups For the role of group affiliation in identity-protective cognition, and an overview of motivated reasoning