Free The Undivided Past by David Cannadine Page B

edition of 1862 is revealingly subtitled
A Philosophical Inquiry into the Influence of Race over the Destinies of Nations
. For Knox’s life and career, see I. Rae,
Knox: The Anatomist
(London, 1964); K. Stephen,
Robert Knox
(London, 1981). For Knox’s thought, see M. D. Biddiss, “The Politics of Anatomy: Dr. Robert Knox and Victorian Racism,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
69 (1976): 245–50; E. Richards, “The ‘Moral Anatomy’ of Robert Knox: The Interplay Between Biological and Social Thought in Victorian Societal Thought,”
Journal of the History of Biology
22 (1989): 373–436; P. Mandler, “The Problem with Cultural History,”
Cultural and Social History
1 (2004): 96–103; Mandler,
The English National Character: The History of an Idea from Edmund Burke to Tony Blair
(London, 2006), pp. 40, 74.
        2. R. Richardson,
Death, Dissection and the Destitute
(London, 1987), pp. 131–43.
        3. Knox,
Races of Men
, p. v; G. L. Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism
(New York, 1978), pp. 67–70.
        4. Knox,
Races of Men
, pp. 65–66, 245; Biddiss, “Politics of Anatomy,” p. 250.
        5. R. Blake,
Disraeli
(London, 1966), pp. 201–5, 258–60; B. Disraeli,
Tancred,or the New Crusade
(London, 1882 ed.), p. 149; Disraeli, speech of February 1, 1849, quoted in H. Odom, “Generalizations on Race in Nineteenth-Century Physical Anthropology,”
Isis
58 (1967): 9.
        6. Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution
, pp. 51–58.
        7. N. Painter,
The History of White People
(New York, 2010), pp. 182, 195.
        8. I. Berlin,
Four Essays on Liberty
(London, 1969), p. 106; M. Biddiss, introduction to Biddiss, ed.,
Images of Race
(Leicester, 1970), p. 12.
        9. Compare, for example, Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution
, pp. xi–xvi; G. M. Fredrickson,
Racism: A Short History
(Princeton, 2002), pp. 17–47.
      10. D. Brion Davis,
The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1966), pp. 70–72; Brion Davis,
Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World
(Oxford, 2006), pp. 40–47.
      11. F. M. Snowden Jr.,
Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience
(Cambridge, Mass., 1970); Snowden,
Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Blacks
(Cambridge, Mass., 1983); L. A. Thompson,
Romans and Blacks
(London, 1989); E. S. Gruen,
Rethinking the Other in Antiquity
(Princeton, 2011); I. Hannaford,
Race: The History of an Idea in the West
(Washington, D.C., 1996), pp. 17–85.
      12. C. Kidd,
The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World, 1600–2000
(Cambridge, 2006), p. 3; Acts of the Apostles 17:26.
      13. Quoted in Hannaford,
Race
, p. 96.
      14. Quoted in N. Stepan,
The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800–1960
(London, 1982), pp. 1–2.
      15. Kidd,
Forging of Races
, pp. 25–26; Fredrickson,
Racism
, pp. 17–19, 26–28.
      16. D. Abulafia,
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
(London, 2011), pp. 216–19, 477–83, 569–70; K. J. P. Lowe, “Introduction: The Black African Presence in Renaissance Europe,” in T. F. Earle and K. J. P. Lowe, eds.,
Black Africans in Renaissance Europe
(Cambridge, 2005), p. 2; K. J. P. Lowe, “Representing Africa: Ambassadors and Princes from Christian Africa to Renaissance Italy and Portugal, 1402–1606,”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 6th. ser., 17 (2007): 401–28; Painter,
White People
, pp. 34–39.
      17. Fredrickson,
Racism
, pp. 18–22, 29–33, 43–45.
      18. Ibid., p. 6.
      19. J. Chaplin, “Race,” in D. Armitage and M. Braddick, eds.,
The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800
(Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 154–66; Kidd,
Forging of Races
, p. 54.
      20. Fredrickson,
Racism
, p. 64.
      21. D. Hume,
Essays, Moral, Political and Literary
(Indianapolis, 1987 ed.), pp. 208 fn, 629–30; Kidd,
Forging the Races
, pp. 93–94; Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution
,p. 30; J.