Free Making War to Keep Peace by Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Page A

opportunity to go beyond artificial divisions of a first, second, and third world to forge, instead, a genuine global community of free and sovereign nations—a community built on respect for principle, of peaceful settlement of disputes, fundamental human rights, and the pillars of freedom, democracy, and free markets. 94
    The three dominant challenges of this new world would be to keep the peace, prevent proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and promote prosperity for all in an open economic order. Bush believed the United Nations would have a special role in meeting these challenges: to provide and coordinate peacekeeping, enforce nonproliferation, and eliminate the walls that divide people and prohibit trade.
    Bush saw the defining characteristics of the new world order as a global perspective, a proclivity for multilateral engagement and collective action, a lesser reluctance to use force, and a greater deference to and broader reliance on the UN for pursuit of American foreign policy objectives. He gave high priority to the institutionalization of the Security Council’s role in actions under Article 51, emphasizing the council’s role in each phase of the response to the Iraq invasion.
    After Iraq withdrew its forces from Kuwait, Bush sponsored a major expansion of the Security Council’s jurisdiction to include humanitarian intervention into the internal affairs of states. In April 1991, his efforts resulted in Resolution 688 and the creation of a UN mission to enforce surveillance. Within the year, Bush sponsored a resolution calling for the use of force, if necessary, under Chapter VII to deliverhumanitarian relief to starving Somalis. Each of these actions substantially expanded the jurisdiction of the Security Council into areas from which it had previously been excluded.
    Through his repeated moves into multilateral arenas, his more frequent use of force, his reliance on collective action and UN Security Council permission to act, and his repeated expansion of UN jurisdiction, Bush significantly altered U.S. policy and expectations concerning the use of force and the role of multilateral institutions.
    In Kuwait, Bush wanted more than an extra layer of legality for his decision to turn back Saddam Hussein’s invasion. He wanted to establish and strengthen a precedent for collective response to aggression through the UN. In A World Transformed , he describes how he sought to use the Gulf War to reinvigorate the Security Council:
    Building an international response led us immediately to the United Nations, which could provide a cloak of acceptability to our efforts and mobilize world opinion behind the principles we wished to project. Soviet support against Iraq provided us the opportunity to invigorate the powers of the Security Council and test how well it could contribute….
    It was important to reach out to the rest of the world, but even more important to keep the strings of control tightly in our hands. In our operations during the war itself, we were…attempting to establish a pattern and precedent for the future….
    The GulfWar became…the bridge between the cold war and post–cold war eras…. Superpower cooperation opened vistas of a world where, unlike the previous four decades, the permanent members of the UN Security Council could move to deal with aggression in the manner intended by its framers…. [W]e emerged from the Gulf conflict into a very different world. 95
    Desert Storm was a collective action, taken through the United Nations, in which a number of countries joined together to defend a member state against international aggression with authorization of the Security Council. This is the one use of force clearly foreseen and accepted in the UN Charter.
    Operating under a clear mandate and with Bush’s leadership, the United States organized and led a predominately American multinational force in a massive, successful effort that quickly