Free Byrne's Dictionary of Irish Local History by Joseph Byrne Page A

inaccurate Julian calendar was replaced in Britain and Ireland by the Gregorian calendar which had been operative in Catholic Europe since 1582. The adoption of the Gregorian calendar was attended by two significant adjustments. The discrepancy between the Julian and Gregorian calendars was resolved by advancing the calendar 11 days and the civil and religious year was reconfigured to commence on 1 January rather than 25 March. This latter change has historiographical implications in terms of dating events prior to 1752. To avoid confusion historians normally cite the year according to new style and the day and month according to the old. Thus a contemporary document dated the 15 February 1641 (old style) is modernised as 15 February 1642 (new style). An alternative is to write 15 February 1641/2. See regnal years 3: A chronologically-arranged catalogue or repertory of abstracts of documents (and sometimes documents in their entirety) which serves as an index or finding aid for documents of a given period.
    Calendar of state papers relating to Ireland . A 24 volume series containing abstracts of selected correspondence largely from officials in Ireland to the king and organs of government in England for the period 1509–1670. The originals can be found in the State Papers Ireland collection (SP60–63, SP65) in the Public Record Office, London, and on microfilm in the National Library, Dublin. Correspondence for the period 1671–1704 is included in the 81 volume Calendar of state papers, domestic . ( Calendar of state papers; Calendar of state papers preserved. )
    calends . See calendar, Roman.
    caliver . A light arquebus-type firearm which, unlike the arquebus , was not rested on a support or tripod when in use.
    calotype . The name given by Charles Fox Talbot to the photographic process invented by him in 1841. Also known as the Talbotype, the photograph was produced by the action of light upon silver iodide, the latent image being subsequently developed and fixed by hyposulphite of soda. The calotype was ousted by Archer’s collodium process, paper giving way to glass and a substratum of collodion. (Chandler, Photography .)
    Calvinism . The doctrines and practices derived from the religious teaching of John Calvin (1509–1564). These include a belief in the superiority of faith over good works, that salvation is achieved solely by the grace of God, that only the elect will be saved (predestination), that the bible is the sole authority for Christian teaching and that all believers are priests. The Calvinist concept of universal priesthood was realised in a presbyterian ministry rather than an episcopal or hierarchical church organisation. See Independents, Presbyterian, regium donum , Synod of Ulster.
    Cambrensis Eversus . The work of John Lynch (1599–1673), a Catholic priest and historian, Cambrensis Eversus (1662) refutes the biased portrayal of Ireland presented by Topographia Hiberniae and Expugnatio Hibernica , the works of the twelfth-century Pembrokeshire historian, Giraldus Cambrensis (1146–1223). Cambrensis’ writings remained in manuscript form until they were published by William Camden in 1602. Their publication fuelled existing anti-Irish sentiment in England and attracted a critical response from Geoffrey Keating (1634) and from Lynch who had fled into exile in France in 1652 following the surrender of Galway. Lynch, whose pseudonym was Gratianus Lucis, also published Alinithologia , an apologia for those confederates who sided with Ormond against the Rinuccini faction. See Foras feasa ar Éirinn.
    Cambrensis, Giraldus. See Expugnatio Hibernica and Topographia Hiberniae .
    Camden, William (1551–1623). English antiquarian and the author of Britannia, a topographical survey of Britain and Ireland (1586 and enlarged later), and Annales rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha , a two-volume account of the history of Ireland and England under Elizabeth (completed