Free Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an: Islam and the Founders by Denise A. Spellberg Page A

suggestion that I read Ginzburg’s history of Domenico Scandella in conjunction with his own importantobservations about this text; see Neil Kamil,
Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots’ New World, 1517–1751
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 192–202, 219, 889–92; Ginzburg,
Cheese
, 51, 152; Stuart Schwartz,
All Can Be Saved
, 1, 8.
    13. Ginzburg,
Cheese
, 112–13, quote on 113.
    14. Caroline Finkel,
Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923
(New York: Basic Books, 2005), 127–28.
    15. Menocchio admitted that he had read the tale in the
Decameron
(“Cento novella”) by Giovanni Boccaccio. It appears there as the third story of the first day, which was “prohibited” by the church by the miller’s time, but had circulated in a “a late thirteenth-century collection of short stories”; see Ginzburg,
Cheese
, 49–50; Schwartz,
All Can Be Saved
, 41.
    16. Quoted in Ginzburg,
Cheese
, 49.
    17. Ibid.
    18. Quoted ibid., 49–50.
    19. Ibid., 51.
    20. The reference is to the miller nicknamed
Pighino
, or “the Fat”; see ibid., 124–25.
    21. Samuel P. Scott, trans., “
Siete Partidas
,” in
Medieval Iberia: Readings from Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources
, ed. Olivia Remie Constable (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977), 271–73.
    22. Quoted in Schwartz,
All Can Be Saved
, 53.
    23. Ibid., 43–118.
    24. Quoted ibid., 66.
    25. Ibid., 2, 138.
    26. Ginzburg,
Cheese
, 28–30, 41–51.
    27. Ibid., 43.
    28. Quoted ibid., 43, 101.
    29. Quoted ibid., 102.
    30. Ibid., 30.
    31. Quoted ibid., 101.
    32. Kaplan,
Divided by Faith
, 304–5. By 1621, two decades after Menocchio’s death, the Venetians built the Fondaco dei Turchi on the banks of the Grand Canal as their official residence. The ornate building contained the capacity for the storage of goods and Islamic worship, based on the plan of an Islamic
funduq
, or merchant hostel, a structure common throughout the Middle East.
    33. Ginzburg,
Cheese
, 110–12.
    34. Ibid., 111. The Italian term for the torture device is
strappado.
    35. Ibid., 128.
    36. Ibid., 18–19. Earl Morse Wilbur,
A History of Unitarianism: Socinianism and Its Antecedents
, 2 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1945–52), 1:76–96.
    37. Quoted in Adam S. Francisco,
Martin Luther and Islam: A Study in Sixteenth-Century Polemics and Apologetics
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2007), 46–47; Robert H. Schwoebel, “Coexistence, Conversion, and the Crusade against the Turks,”
Studies in the Renaissance
12 (1965): 175. Earlier instances of religious universalism that included Islam may be found in Robert H. Schwoebel,
The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turks, 1453–1577
(Nieukoop: B. Degraaf, 1967), 219–20.
    38. Wilbur,
History of Unitarianism
, 1:84–85.
    39. Zagorin
, Toleration
, 97; Sebastian Castellio,
Concerning Heretics: Whether They Are to Be Persecuted and How They Are to Be Treated: A Collection of the Opinions of Learned Men Both Ancient and Modern
, trans. Roland H. Bainton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935), 3, 217; Ginzburg,
Cheese
, 122.
    40. Quoted in Daniel,
Islam and the West
, 187; John Tolan,
Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 135–69.Important research on real Muslims in France and England during the premodern period continues, see Bernard Vincent and Jocelyne Dakhlia, eds.,
Les Musulmans dans l’Histoire de l’Europe
(Paris: Albin Michel, 2011).
    41. The date of Servetus’s death is provided as October 27 in Zagorin,
Toleration
, 93. In contrast, the event occurred on October 23 according to Roland Bainton in Castellio,
Concerning Heretics
, 3. See also Roland Bainton,
Hunted Heretic: The Life and Death ofMichael Servetus
(Boston: Beacon, 1960), 219.
    42. Bainton,
Hunted Heretic
, 67; Zagorin,
Toleration
, 93–94.
    43. Bainton
, Hunted Heretic
, 207.
    44.