Free The Genius in All of Us: New Insights Into Genetics, Talent, and IQ by David Shenk

reaching of all steps of career life in a stable society, where Western schooling is valued and rewarded, income is scaled in rough correspondence to years of education, and highly-skilled labor is needed. (Sternberg and Grigorenko, “The predictive value of IQ,” p. 9.)
         at its core, IQ was merely a population-sorting tool .
    Just as Binet had originally intended.
         Lewis Terman and colleagues actually recommended that individuals identified as “feebleminded” by his test be removed from society and that anyone scoring less than 100 be automatically disqualified from any prestigious position .
    Bonnie Strickland writes:
    Terman (1916) actually appealed for universal intelligence testing, believing that the enormous costs of crime and vice could be reduced by removing the feebleminded from society. Further, theorizing that employment opportunities should be determined by intelligence, Terman proposed a social order that would close prestigious and rewarding professions to people with IQs under 100. (Strickland, “Misassumptions, misadventures, and the misuse of psychology,” p. 333—citing Terman, The Intelligence of School Children .)
       The Terman book is fascinating reading. Although Terman’s IQ test could not really prove either fixed or innate intelligence, he maintained that ithad proved both and proceeded accordingly. Terman’s logic was simple: since his tests showed a reasonable consistency over the years, they revealed that intelligence was innate and fixed. (Terman, The Intelligence of School Children .)
      The French did not share this leave-them-behind approach, and to this day they largely ignore modern IQ tests. (Sternberg and Grigorenko, “The predictive value of IQ,” p. 2.)
         “does not imply unchangeability ”: Howe, “Can IQ Change?” p. 71.
         “IQ scores,” explains Cornell University’s Stephen Ceci, “can change quite dramatically as a result of changes in family environment (Clarke, 1976; Svendsen, 1982), work environment (Kohn, 1981), historical environment (Flynn, 1987), styles of parenting (Baumrind, 1967; Dornbusch, 1987), and, most especially, shifts in level of schooling ”: Ceci, On Intelligence , p. 73.
    Ceci’s Citations
    Family environment
    Clarke, Ann M., and Alan D. Clarke. Early Experience and the Life Path . Somerset, 1976.
    Svendsen, Dagmund. “Factors related to changes in IQ: a follow-up study of former slow learners.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 24, no. 3 (1983): 405–13.
    Work environment
    Kohn, Melvin, and Carmi Schooler. “The Reciprocal Effects of the Substantive Complexity of Work and Intellectual Flexibility: A Longitudinal Assessment.” American Journal of Sociology 84 (July 1978): 24–52.
    Historical environment
    Flynn, J. R. “Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: what IQ tests really measure.” Psychological Bulletin 101 (1987): 171–91.
    Styles of parenting
    Baumrind, D. “Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior.” Genetic Psychology Monographs 75 (1967): 43–88.
    Dornbusch, Sanford M., Philip L. Ritter, P. Herbert Leiderman, Donald F. Roberts, and Michael J. Fraleigh. “The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance.” Child Development 58, no. 5 (October 1987): 1244–57.

       Lewis Terman’s most important claim for IQ—that it reveals a person’s fixed, innate intelligence—relies entirely on the assertion that individual IQ scores remain the same throughout people’s lives. This simply is not true . While one study reported a majority of people’s scores changing relatively little over time, that same study reported that, “in a nontrivial minority of children, naturalistic IQ change is marked and real.” Other large studies showed a significant majority of students experiencing an IQ swing of 15 points or more over time. (Sternberg and Grigorenko, “The predictive value of IQ,” p. 13.)
    It also means that Spearman’s IQ