Free Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin by Catherine Merridale Page B

(Cambridge, 1987).
    The structure of the Muscovite elite is discussed in Gustave Alef, Rulers and Nobles in Fifteenth-Century Moscow (London, 1983), Nancy Shields Kollmann, Kinship and Politics: The Making of the Muscovite Political System (Stanford, Calif., 1987) and also Ann Kleimola, ‘The changing condition of the Muscovite elite’, Russian History, 6, 2 (1979), pp. 210–29. The whole issue of slavery, which played such a role in large state projects at this time, is explored in Richard Hellie, Slavery in Russia, 1450–1725 (Chicago, 1982), and a related but more technical issue of court language in Marshall Poe, ‘What did Russians mean when they called themselves “Slaves of the Tsar”?’, Slavic Review 57, 3 (1998), pp. 585–608. For the structure of Ivan’s new bureaucracy, see Peter B. Brown, ‘Muscovite government bureaus’, Russian History, 10, 3 (1983). Art, religion and court ideology are discussed in two articles by Daniel Rowland: ‘Moscow – the third Rome or the new Israel?’, Russian Review, 55 (1996), pp. 591–614, and ‘Two cultures, one throne room’, in Valerie A. Kivelson and Robert H. Greene, eds., Orthodox Russia (University Park, Pa., 2003), pp. 33–57. Michael Flier’s essay in the same volume (‘Till the end of time: the apocalypse in Russian historical experience before 1500’) provides an insight into the mentality of the times, and also see his essay on the Palm Sunday ritual: ‘Breaking the code: the image of the tsar in the Muscovite Palm Sunday ritual’, in Michael S. Flier and Daniel Rowland, eds., Medieval Russian Culture, vol. 2, California Slavic Studies (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1994), pp. 213–42.
    For European travellers’ tales, see W. Thomas et al., trans., Travels to Tana and Persia by Josafa Barbaro and Ambrogio Contarini (London, 1873), which relates Contarini’s experience of Ivan III’s Moscow. The impressions of Jenkinson and others are collected in Lloyd E. Berry and Robert O. Crummey, eds., Rude and Barbarous Kingdom: Russia in Accounts of Sixteenth-Century English Voyagers (Madison, Wisc., 1968). Staden’s vivid memoir of Ivan the Terrible’s Muscovy is available in English as Heinrich von Staden, The Land and Government of Muscovy, trans. Thomas Esper (Stanford, Calif., 1967), and Possevino has been translated by Hugh F. Graham as The Moscovia of Antonio Possevino, SJ (Pittsburg, Pa., 1977).
    TIME OF TROUBLES
    Among the English sources, I learned most from Chester S. L. Dunning, Russia’s First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty (University Park, Pa., 2001), a thoughtful as well as thought-provoking study of early modern Russia. Maureen Perrie’s Pretenders and Popular Modernism in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge, 1995) was also illuminating, and the chapter on Boris Godunov’s career in volume 1 of the Cambridge History of Russia that she edited and translated (A. P. Pavlov, ‘Fedor Ivanovich and Boris Godunov’, pp. 264–85) is insightful.
    The most respected Russian historian of the Troubles is S. F. Platonov, whose authoritative but dated Time of Troubles has been translated by John T. Alexander (Lawrence, Kans., 1985). Two biographies of Boris Godunov, one by Platonov (Gulf Breeze, Fl., 1973) and one by Ruslan Skrynnikov (Gulf Breeze, Fl., 1982) are accessible in English, as is Skrynnikov’s vivid Time of Troubles: Russia in Crisis, 1604–1618 (Gulf Breeze, Fl., 1988).
    The travellers whose witness illustrated my account deserve a chapter of their own. The most colourful are Jacques Margeret, The Russian Empire and the Grand Duchy of Moscow: A Seventeenth-century French Account, trans. and ed. Chester S. L. Dunning (Pittsburg, Pa., 1983); Isaac Massa, A Short History of the Peasant Wars in Moscow under the Reigns of Various Sovereigns down to the Year 1610, trans. G. E. Orchard (Toronto, 1982); Stanislaw Zolkiewski, Expedition to Moscow: A Memoir, trans. M. W. Stephen (London, 1959) and