Free The Other Slavery by Andrés Reséndez Page B

settlers, and officials, as well as many Natives, profited from the sale of Indians. For more critical appraisals of Carvajal’s life, see, for example, Vito AlessioRobles, Coahuila y Texas en la época colonial (Mexico City: Porrúa, 1978); Eugenio del Hoyo, Historia del Nuevo Reino de León, 1577–1723 (Mexico City: Libros de México, 1979); and Velázquez, Historia de San Luis Potosí . For Carvajal’s activities, see his inquisitorial testimony in Toro, Los judíos en la Nueva España, 339; and Temkin, Luis de Carvajal, 63–72. The quotes are from viceroy to the king, Mexico City, August 10, 1586; king of Spain to his viceroy and audiencia members, San Lorenzo, August 8, 1587, in Konetzke, Colección de documentos para la historia de la formación social de Hispanoamérica, 1:583–584; and Velázquez, Historia de San Luis Potosí, 330–337.
    37. There is significant controversy about this aspect of Carvajal’s story. See Eugenio del Hoyo, “Notas y comentarios a la ‘relación’ de las personas nombradas por Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva para llevar al descubrimiento, pacificación y población del Nuevo Reino de León, 1580,” Humanitas 19 (1978), 251–281; Samuel Temkin, “Luis de Carvajal and His People,” AJS Review 32:1 (2008), 79–100; and Temkin, Luis de Carvajal, 88–100. I agree with Temkin that early scholars have tended to exaggerate by proposing a “Jewish conspiracy.” Although Carvajal obtained his capitulation, or contract, through the usual mechanism, the waiving of House of Trade supervision over Carvajal’s colonists was extraordinary. I do not find Temkin’s two main explanations for this—i.e., that Carvajal was a trustworthy hidalgo and that time was short—convincing, as these would also apply to all the other grantees. The exception remains a mystery.
    38. For a chilling transcription of these confessions, see Vito Alessio Robles, Acapulco, Saltillo y Monterrey en la historia y en la leyenda (Mexico City: Porrúa, 1978), 297–298. See also Temkin, Luis de Carvajal, 167–170. For a full biographical treatment of el Mozo, see Martin A. Cohen, The Martyr: Luis de Carvajal, a Secret Jew in Sixteenth-Century Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1973).
    39. Deposition of el Mozo in the proceedings against Governor Carvajal, in Toro, Los judíos en la Nueva España, 237, 242.
    40. Ibid.
    41. For a brief treatment of the frontier captains, see the works of Philip Wayne Powell, especially Mexico’s Miguel Caldera, chap. 5.
    42. Alonso de León, “Relación y discursos del descubrimiento, población . . . ,” in Genaro García, ed., Documentos inéditos o muy raros por la historia de México (Mexico City: Porrúa, 1975), 41, 58.
     
    4. THE PULL OF SILVER
     
    1. For two excellent general treatments of the California gold rush, see Malcolm J. Rohrbough, Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); and Susan Lee Johnson, Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush (New York: Norton, 2000).
    2. On the silver peso, see Carlos Marichal, “The Spanish-American Silver Peso: Export Commodity and Global Money of the Ancien Regime, 1550–1800,” in Steven Topik, Carlos Marichal, and Zephyr Frank, eds., From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006), 25–42.
    3. I found the best historical information about gold strikes in the United States, along with excellent production data, in James R. Craig and J. Donald Rimstidt, “Gold Production History of the United States,” Ore Geology Reviews 13 (1998), 407–464. For the founding of silver mines in Mexico, see Brígida von Mentz, “Las políticas de poblamiento y la minería en la llamada provincial de la plata, 1540–1610”; Chantal Cramaussel, “Ritmos de poblamiento y demografía en la Nueva Vizcaya”; and Salvador Álvarez,