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the British Foreign Office; Bruce Menning allowed me to see his important article, forthcoming in Journal of Modern History, on Russian military intelligence; Thomas Otte sent me a pre-publication pdf of his magisterial new study The Foreign Office Mind and Jürgen Angelow did the same with his Der Weg in die Urkatastrophe; John Keiger and Gerd Krumeich sent offprints and references on French foreign policy; Andreas Rose sent a copy fresh from the press of his Zwischen Empire und Kontinent; Zara Steiner, whose books are landmarks in this field, was generous with her time and conversation and shared a dossier of articles and notes. Over the last five years, Samuel R. Williamson, whose classic studies of the international crisis and Austro-Hungarian foreign policy opened several of the lines of enquiry explored in this book, sent unpublished chapters, contacts and references and allowed me to pick his brains on the arcana of Austro-Hungarian policy. The email friendship that resulted has been one of the rewards of working on this book.
    Thanks are also due to those who helped me surmount linguistic boundaries: to Miroslav DoÅ¡en for his help with Serbian printed sources and to Srdjan Jovanović for assistance with archival documents in Belgrade; to Rumen Cholakov for help with Bulgarian secondary texts and to Sergei Podbolotov, unstinting labourer in the vineyard of history, whose wisdom, intelligence and wry humour made my research in Moscow as enjoyable and enlightening as it was productive. Then there are those generous spirits who read part or all or the work in various states of completion: Jonathan Steinberg and John Thompson both read every word and offered insightful comments and suggestions. David Reynolds helped to put fires out in the most challenging chapters. Patrick Higgins read and criticized the first chapter and warned of pitfalls. Amitav Ghosh provided invaluable feedback and advice. For all the errors that remain, I accept responsibility.
    I am fortunate in having a wonderful agent in Andrew Wylie, to whom I owe a great deal, and immensely grateful to Simon Winder of Penguin and Tim Duggan of HarperCollins for their encouragement, guidance and enthusiasm, and to Richard Duguid for overseeing the book’s production with amiable efficiency. The indefatigable copy-editor Bela Cunha sought out and destroyed all the errors, infelicities, inconsistencies and ‘aphids’ (superfluous quotation marks) she could find and remained cheerful – just – in the face of my efforts to drive her mad by tampering endlessly with the text. Nina Lübbren, whose grandfather Julius Lübbren was also at Passchendaele in 1917 (on the other side), tolerated my labours from a standpoint of benevolent neutrality. The book is dedicated with love and admiration to our two sons, Josef and Alexander, in the hope that they will never know war.

    Europe in 1914

Index
    The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
    Abbott, George Frederick 242–3
    Abdul Hamid II, Sultan 145
    Addison, Christopher ( later 1st Viscount Addison) 545
    Adrianople (Edirne) 252, 256
    Adriatic Sea:
    Â Â Â Italian-Austrian rivalries 86, 92, 93, 109, 121, 226
    Â Â Â Serbian access 43, 80, 112, 256, 257, 265, 282, 289, 354
    Aegean islands 444, 485
    Aehrenthal, Count Alois, Austrian foreign minister 35, 82–3, 84, 107, 356
    Â Â Â Agram-Friedjung treason trials 88, 89, 231
    Â Â Â annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 35, 83–7, 395
    Â Â Â death 90
    Â Â Â Libyan War (1911-12) 246
    Â Â Â Morocco question 211
    Â Â Â relations with Berchtold 110–111
    Â Â Â relations with Conrad von Hötzendorf 105
    Â Â Â relations with Izvolsky 90, 111, 188
    Â Â Â views on Serbia 99, 279, 395
    Afghan War (1878-79) 173–4
    Afghanistan 87, 130, 143, 158, 174,