Free Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? by Frans de Waal Page A

209–10, 212
    insects, wings of, 74 , 75
    insight, 64–65, 64 , 67, 68, 89, 91, 321
    instincts, 37, 271
    use of term, 56
    intelligence, 321
    generalized, 68, 88
    and language, 110–11
    use of term, 11
    intelligence testing, 128
    Intelligent Design, 122
    intentionality, 68, 78, 222
    intentional signaling, 137–38
    In the Shadow of Man (Goodall), 169–70
    introspection, 44
    Itani, Junichiro, 60
    Ivory Coast, 83
    jackdaws, 8–9, 37, 39, 71, 98
    Jakie (chimpanzee), 134
    James, William, 226–27
    Janik, Vincent, 263
    Janmaat, Karline, 210
    Japanese primatology, 51, 60–61
    jays, 136, 146–47, 147 , 211, 217–18
    Jigokudani Monkey Park, Japan, 87
    joint intentionality, 190–91, 190 , 192,
194
    Joni (chimpanzee), 96, 97
    Kafka, Franz, Metamorphosis, 7, 13
    Kalunde (chimpanzee), 172, 173
    Kandula (elephant), 16–17, 16
    Kanzi (bonobo), 109, 110–11, 113, 227
    Katie (chimpanzee), 154
    Kennedy, John F., 56
    Khrushchev, Nikita, 56
    killjoy account, 51, 321
    King, Stephanie, 263
    kissing, 24–25, 24 , 26, 171
    Kitcher, Philip, 223
    kittiwakes, 31–32, 270
    know-thy-animal rule, 53, 77, 321
    Köhler, Wolfgang:
    on animal cognition, 63, 64 , 271
    chimpanzee research of, 63–66, 64 , 67, 68, 73, 76, 96, 154
    and evolutionary cognition, 65
    on future planning, 217
    influence of, 113, 265, 271
    The Mentality of Apes, 65
    Kohts, Alexander Fiodorovich, 95–96
    Kohts, Nadia, 95–98, 97 , 103, 113, 265
    Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child, 96
    matching-to-sample research of, 96–97, 260
    Kohts, Roody, 96
    Koko (gorilla), 105–6, 109
    Köpfchengeben (head giving), 21
    Kortlandt, Adriaan, 226
    Koshima Island, 51–53
    Koyama, Nicola, 219
    Krom (chimpanzee), 134
    Kuif (chimpanzee), 3
    Kummer, Hans, 59, 60, 169, 175, 265
    Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 96
    language:
    acquisition of, 99–102
    and animal cognition, 100–104, 113–14
    body language, 131–32
    capacities underlying, 107–8
    capacity for, 112–13
    evolution of, 109
    flexibility of, 106
    and intelligence, 110–11
    labeling of objects, 99
    local dialects, 258
    and memory, 212
    and referential signaling, 107
    roles of, 107–8
    survival value of, 107
    and theory of mind, 131–32
    in thinking process, 101
    Language Research Center, Atlanta, 227
    laughter, 25
    “law of effect,” 20–21, 20
    Leah (gorilla), 81–82
    Leakey, Louis, 78, 127
    learning:
    associative, 27, 200, 255, 266
    BIOL, 155, 259
    biologically prepared, 58, 113, 271, 319, 320
    and cognition, 69, 271
    equivalence, 183
    evolutionary forces in, 59
    inborn specializations, 32–33
    role of, 69
    social, 155, 256, 258
    social traditions, 51–53, 77 , 78–79
    species-appropriate, 32
    as tool, 69
    trial-and-error, 21, 31, 66, 68, 84
    vocal, 109
    learning mechanism, 151
    learning theory, 57–58, 271
    Leavens, David, 137
    Lehrman, Daniel, 55–56
    Lethmate, Jürgen, 245
    Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, 195
    Linguistic Society of Paris, 109
    Linnaeus, Carl, Systema Natura, 126
    lions, 191
    Lisala (bonobo), 213–15, 214 , 217, 232
    Living Links, 161
    Liza (chimpanzee), 91–92
    Loch Ness Monster, 141
    Locke, John, 158
    logic, 54–55
    Lola ya Bonobo sanctuary, 213
    Lolita (chimpanzee), 148–49
    long-range future orientation, 205
    Lorenz, Konrad, 6, 44, 275
    and behavioral evolution, 40
    and ethology, 38
    on Ganzheitsbetrachtung, 19–20, 21, 61
    jackdaws studied by, 37, 71, 259
    Nobel Prize to, 61
    as public lecturer, 38–39
    Roah (raven) communicating with, 259–60, 263
    waterfowl studies of, 27, 28, 37, 39, 40
    Lovitz, Jon, 126
    Lysenko, Trofim, 95–96
    Maasai, 238–39
    macaques:
    conformism in, 256
    hands of, 14
    imitation by, 154
    lab for, 59
    memory task for, 230–31, 231
    and perspective taking, 138
    social relationships of, 177, 181
    sweet potato washing by, 51–53, 52
    tool use by, 87–88
    macaw, 97, 97
    Machiavelli, Niccolò, The Prince, 168, 176, 200
    Madame Bee (chimpanzee), 68
    magic well, 11, 13, 22, 106, 250, 321
    magpies, 244
    Malcolm, Norman, 101
    male superiority, 127
    Mama (chimpanzee), 67, 68,