Free Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? by Frans de Waal Page B

165, 166, 184–85
    Man the Toolmaker (Oakley), 76
    Marino, Lori, 243
    Marks, Jonathan, 268
    marmosets, brain studies of, 115
    Martin, Chris, 161–62
    Martin-Ordas, Gema, 208–9
    Marzluff, John, 71–72
    Mason, William, 87
    Massen, Jorg, 200–201
    matching-to-sample paradigm, 321, see also matching-to-sample (MTS) research
    matching-to-sample (MTS) research, 19, 96–97, 260
    mates, search for, 32
    Mather, Jennifer, 249
    Matsuzawa, Tetsuro, 80, 128, 259
    Mayr, Ernst, 4
    McComb, Karen, 238
    mechanism vs. function, 73–74
    memory:
    autobiographical, 209–10
    of birds, 211
    of chimpanzees, 119–20, 120 , 121, 207–10
    and cognitive research, 163
    of dolphins, 263
    episodic, 207–12, 229
    and human amnesics, 233
    and language, 212
    of monkeys, 205, 229, 230–31
    of orangutans, 209
    of rats, 163, 211
    Mentality of Apes, The (Köhler), 65
    mental time travel, 221, 321
    Menzel, Charles, 138–40, 227
    Menzel, Emil, 66–67, 138, 267
    chimpanzee studies of, 67, 68, 169, 188
    influence of, 147, 169, 265
    and Theory of Mind, 131
    metacognition, 229–34, 321
    and consciousness, 229, 233–34
    information seeking, 231–33, 231
    and uncertainty response, 230–31, 231
    Metamorphosis (Kafka), 7, 13
    Mike (chimpanzee), 170
    mindreading, 132, 135
    miracles, 43
    mirror-anesthesia hypothesis, 53
    mirror mark test, 321, see also mirror tests, and elephants; mirror tests, in gorillas; mirror tests, and monkeys; mirror tests, visual mark test
    mirror neurons, 159
    mirror tests:
    and birds, 242, 244
    and chimpanzees, 48–50
    and dogs, 242
    and elephants, 17–18, 157, 235–36, 236
    in gorillas, 240
    and monkeys, 242, 243
    and self-awareness, 240–42
    visual mark test, 235–36, 236 , 243–44
    missing link, 160–61
    Mito, Satsue, 51–52
    modification, gradual, 43
    mole, star-nosed, 8
    mollusks, 245–52
    monkeys:
    communication by, 107–8
    confirmism in, 256
    cooperation in, 186
    imitation in, 156
    memory of, 205, 229, 230–31
    neotropical, 83
    and self-awareness, 240–41, 242
    Moore, Bruce, 21
    Morgan, Lloyd, 42
    Morgan’s Canon, 42–43, 55, 321
    morphology, 39
    Morrell, Virginia, 128
    Morris, Desmond, 222–23
    The Naked Ape, 38
    Morris Water Maze, 35
    motivation, 34, 150
    Mount Parnassus, 22
    Mulcahy, Nicholas, 216
    mutualism, 198–99
    Nagel, Thomas, 9–11
    Naked Ape, The (Morris), 38
    Natasha (chimpanzee), 208
    Natua (dolphin), 230
    natural selection, 23, 122–23
    nature-nurture dilemma, 150
    Neanderthals, 127
    Neisser, Ulric, 238
    nematode worms, 162
    Neo-Creationism, 122
    neophobia, 254
    neurogeography, 115
    neuroscience, 268, 273–74
    Ngamba Island, Uganda, 152
    Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee), 99–100
    Nishida, Toshisada, 171–73, 200
    Nose (rhesus monkey), 257–58
    nursing, mammalian, 74, 75
    Oakley, Kenneth, Man the Toolmaker, 76
    object permanence, 98, 321
    Occam’s razor, 43
    O’Connell, Caitlin, 202
    octopuses, 246–52, 246
    brain of, 248
    camouflage in, 250–51
    life cycle of, 249
    mimicry in, 251
    recognition test, 247–48
    tool use by, 94
    uniqueness of, 249
    World Cup predictions by, 105
    operant conditioning, 31, 36, 37, 99
    opossums, opposable thumbs of, 75
    orangutans:
    as escape artists, 81
    floating peanut task, 92
    future planning by, 216, 219–20
    in Hominoid family, 80–81
    memory in, 209
    problem solving by, 84
    tool use by, 81
    orcas, brain size of, 248
    os intermaxillare, 125, 126
    Osnabrück Zoo, Germany, 245
    Osvath, Mathias, 215
    otter, Asian small-clawed, 32
    overimitation, see imitation, overimitation
    “overlord” position, 178–79, 179
    oxytocin, 150
    Palin, Sarah, 162
    pandas, giant, 32
    pangolins, 75
    Panzee (chimpanzee), 138–39, 228
    Parr, Lisa, 18–19
    parrots:
    cooperation among, 186
    counting abilities of, 103–4
    delayed gratification in, 225
    imitation in, 156
    language in, 98–99, 100–105
    toolmaking by, 103
    Peony (chimpanzee), 143
    Pepperberg, Irene, 98–99, 100, 103–4, 105, 113
    Pepsi (elephant), 235, 243
    perception, 238
    percussive stone technology,