Free Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric (Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity) by Michael Kulikowski
Authors: Michael Kulikowski
Alamanni.
[60] The victories are recorded in Optatianus, Carm . 6.18–21 and Zosimus, HN 2.21. Orig. Const . 21 describes the victory as Gothic, but the numismatic and epigraphic evidence is decisive.
[61] RIC 7.135 (Lyons 209–222); AE (1934), 158.
[62] CIL 1: 2335; for the appropriate date, A. Lippold, ‘Konstantin und die Barbaren (Konfrontation? Integration? Koexistenz?)’, Studi Italiani di Filologia Classica 85 (1992): 371–91 at 377.
[63] Anon. post Dionem 14.1 ( FHG 4: 199).
[64] ILS 8942; ILS 696, before 315.
[65] Alica: Orig. Const . 27, with the emendation of Valesius. The testimony of Jordanes, Getica 111 is garbled. Franks and Constantine: Zosimus, HN 2.15.1. Bonitus: Ammianus, RG 15.5.33.
[66] Julian, Caes . 329B.
[67] Aurelius Victor 41; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.13; Chronicon Paschale , s.a. 328 (Bonn 527); commemorated on coins: RIC 7: 331 (Rome 298); Orig. Const . 35 for the ripa Gothica .
[68] Zosimus, HN 2.31.3.
[69] Descriptio consulum , s.a. 332 (Burgess, 236).
[70] Eusebius, Vita Const . 4.5.1–2; Orig. Const . 31; Aurelius Victor 41.13; Eutropius 10.7.
[71] Julian, Or . 1.9D.
[72] Themistius, Or . 15.191a.
[73] Jordanes, Getica 112.
[74] Eusebius, Vita Const . 4.5.2.
[75] Eunapius, frag. 37 (Blockley) = 37 (Müller); Zosimus, HN 4.10; Ammianus, RG 26.10.3, which puts the number of Procopius’ Gothic supporters at 3,000.
[76] Tribute: Eusebius, Vita Const . 4.5.2; Ammianus, RG 17.12. Military service in 332: Eusebius, Vita Const . 4.5 is vague on the Goths and entirely explicit about the Sarmatians being forced to serve in the army as a condition of peace ( Vita Const . 4.6); cf. the late testimony of Jordanes, Getica 112 (Goths send 40,000 troops as a result of the treaty). Service on a case-by-case basis thereafter: Libanius, Or . 59.89 for 348; Ammianus, RG 20.8.1 for 360 and id. 23.2.7 for 363.
[77] See in particular G. L. Duncan, Coin Circulation in the Danubian and Balkan Provinces of the Roman Empire, AD 294–578 (London, 1993) and E. Stoljarik, Essays on Monetary Circulation in the North-western Black Sea Region in the Late Roman and Byzantine Periods, Late 3rd Century–Early 13th Century AD (Odessa, 1993).
[78] Alexandru Popa, Romains ou barbares? Architecture en pierre dans le barbaricum à l’époque romaine tardive (sur le matériel archéologique du Nord-Ouest du Pont Euxin) (Chisinau [Moldova], 2001), 55–61; Andrei Opait, Local and Imported Ceramics in the Roman Province of Scythia (4th–6th centuries AD ): Aspects of Economic Life in the Province of Scythia , British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1274 (Oxford, 2004).
[79] A. Suceveanu and A. Barnea, La Dobroudja romaine (Bucharest, 1991), 260.
[80] See the articles in Bente Magnus, ed., Roman Gold and the Development of the Early Germanic Kingdoms: Symposium in Stockholm 14–16 November 1997 , Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, Konferenser 51 (Stockholm, 2001); Attila Kiss, ‘Die “barbarischen” Könige des 4.–7. Jahrhunderts im Karpatenbecken, als Verbündeten des römischen bzw. byzantinischen Reiches’, Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae (1991): 115–28.
[81] Aleksandrovka: Popa, Romains ou barbares , 19–21. Bašmačka: ibid., 22–34. Gorodok: ibid., 42–43. Palanca: ibid., 64–65.
[82] Alexandru Popa, ‘Die Siedlung Sobari, Kr. Soroca (Republik Moldau)’, Germania 75 (1997): 119–131.
[83] Popa, Romains ou barbares , 45–49.
[84] See generally Attila Kiss, ‘Die Schatzfunde č und č von Szilágysomlyó als Quellen der gepidischen Geschichte’, Archaeologia Austriaca 75 (1991): 249–60; Radu Harhoiu, The Treasure from Pietroasa in Romania , British Archaeological Reports, International Series 24 (Oxford, 1977); id., Die frühe Völkerwanderungszeit in Rumänien (Bucharest, 1997); Florin Curta, ‘Frontier ethnogenesis in late antiquity: the Danube, the Tervingi, and the Slavs’, in id., ed., Borders, Barriers and Ethnogenesis: Frontiers
[60] The victories are recorded in Optatianus, Carm . 6.18–21 and Zosimus, HN 2.21. Orig. Const . 21 describes the victory as Gothic, but the numismatic and epigraphic evidence is decisive.
[61] RIC 7.135 (Lyons 209–222); AE (1934), 158.
[62] CIL 1: 2335; for the appropriate date, A. Lippold, ‘Konstantin und die Barbaren (Konfrontation? Integration? Koexistenz?)’, Studi Italiani di Filologia Classica 85 (1992): 371–91 at 377.
[63] Anon. post Dionem 14.1 ( FHG 4: 199).
[64] ILS 8942; ILS 696, before 315.
[65] Alica: Orig. Const . 27, with the emendation of Valesius. The testimony of Jordanes, Getica 111 is garbled. Franks and Constantine: Zosimus, HN 2.15.1. Bonitus: Ammianus, RG 15.5.33.
[66] Julian, Caes . 329B.
[67] Aurelius Victor 41; Epitome de Caesaribus 41.13; Chronicon Paschale , s.a. 328 (Bonn 527); commemorated on coins: RIC 7: 331 (Rome 298); Orig. Const . 35 for the ripa Gothica .
[68] Zosimus, HN 2.31.3.
[69] Descriptio consulum , s.a. 332 (Burgess, 236).
[70] Eusebius, Vita Const . 4.5.1–2; Orig. Const . 31; Aurelius Victor 41.13; Eutropius 10.7.
[71] Julian, Or . 1.9D.
[72] Themistius, Or . 15.191a.
[73] Jordanes, Getica 112.
[74] Eusebius, Vita Const . 4.5.2.
[75] Eunapius, frag. 37 (Blockley) = 37 (Müller); Zosimus, HN 4.10; Ammianus, RG 26.10.3, which puts the number of Procopius’ Gothic supporters at 3,000.
[76] Tribute: Eusebius, Vita Const . 4.5.2; Ammianus, RG 17.12. Military service in 332: Eusebius, Vita Const . 4.5 is vague on the Goths and entirely explicit about the Sarmatians being forced to serve in the army as a condition of peace ( Vita Const . 4.6); cf. the late testimony of Jordanes, Getica 112 (Goths send 40,000 troops as a result of the treaty). Service on a case-by-case basis thereafter: Libanius, Or . 59.89 for 348; Ammianus, RG 20.8.1 for 360 and id. 23.2.7 for 363.
[77] See in particular G. L. Duncan, Coin Circulation in the Danubian and Balkan Provinces of the Roman Empire, AD 294–578 (London, 1993) and E. Stoljarik, Essays on Monetary Circulation in the North-western Black Sea Region in the Late Roman and Byzantine Periods, Late 3rd Century–Early 13th Century AD (Odessa, 1993).
[78] Alexandru Popa, Romains ou barbares? Architecture en pierre dans le barbaricum à l’époque romaine tardive (sur le matériel archéologique du Nord-Ouest du Pont Euxin) (Chisinau [Moldova], 2001), 55–61; Andrei Opait, Local and Imported Ceramics in the Roman Province of Scythia (4th–6th centuries AD ): Aspects of Economic Life in the Province of Scythia , British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1274 (Oxford, 2004).
[79] A. Suceveanu and A. Barnea, La Dobroudja romaine (Bucharest, 1991), 260.
[80] See the articles in Bente Magnus, ed., Roman Gold and the Development of the Early Germanic Kingdoms: Symposium in Stockholm 14–16 November 1997 , Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, Konferenser 51 (Stockholm, 2001); Attila Kiss, ‘Die “barbarischen” Könige des 4.–7. Jahrhunderts im Karpatenbecken, als Verbündeten des römischen bzw. byzantinischen Reiches’, Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae (1991): 115–28.
[81] Aleksandrovka: Popa, Romains ou barbares , 19–21. Bašmačka: ibid., 22–34. Gorodok: ibid., 42–43. Palanca: ibid., 64–65.
[82] Alexandru Popa, ‘Die Siedlung Sobari, Kr. Soroca (Republik Moldau)’, Germania 75 (1997): 119–131.
[83] Popa, Romains ou barbares , 45–49.
[84] See generally Attila Kiss, ‘Die Schatzfunde č und č von Szilágysomlyó als Quellen der gepidischen Geschichte’, Archaeologia Austriaca 75 (1991): 249–60; Radu Harhoiu, The Treasure from Pietroasa in Romania , British Archaeological Reports, International Series 24 (Oxford, 1977); id., Die frühe Völkerwanderungszeit in Rumänien (Bucharest, 1997); Florin Curta, ‘Frontier ethnogenesis in late antiquity: the Danube, the Tervingi, and the Slavs’, in id., ed., Borders, Barriers and Ethnogenesis: Frontiers
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