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‘Tradimento’ in
Il Digesto italiano
(1916) and in
Il Nuovo Digesto italiano
(1940), which converge in this evaluation.
    4 G. Simmel, ‘Fashion’,
International Quarterly
10: 130–55 (1904), p. 148. Besides the example of fashion, Simmel also gives that of law.
    5 For the references to Polybius and Flavius Josephus, see Vidal-Naquet,
Flavius Josèphe
.
    6 See Portelli,
Biografia di una città
, p. 8.
    7 Major Rizzati, memorial letter of 18 October 1943.
    8 Rahn’s report to the German foreign minister, quoted in Pisanò,
Storia della guerra civile
, vol. I, p. 86.
    9 Report by Jodl, chief of the General Staff of the Wehrmacht, of 7 November 1943, to the Reich-Gauleiters, and included among the Nuremburg documents, quoted in E. Collotti,
L’amministrazione tedesca nell’Italia occupata, 1943–1945
, Milan: Lerici, 1963, p. 80.
    10 Quoted in Ragionieri,
Italia giudicata
, pp. 796–7.
    11 Quoted in Collotti,
L’amministrazione
, p. 103. The Japanese view was similar: ‘Italy belongs to the Italians. From the Japanese point of view, a nation constitutes an inseparable bloc; we therefore think that the entire Italian people is responsible for the betrayal of Italy’. Report to the Mikado, n.d., in
Ragionieri, Italia giudicata
, p. 805.
    12 J. Förster, ‘Il ruolo dell’8 a armata italiana dal punto di vista tedesco’, in Istituto Storico della Resistenza in Cuneo e provincia,
Gli italiani sul fronte russo
, p. 258.
    13 On this subject, see E. Collotti,
L’alleanza italo-tedesca 1941–1943
, p. 60.
    14 E. Kuby,
Verrat auf deutsch
, Hamburg: Konkret Verlag, 1982. In an interview with Vannuccini, Karl Dietrich Bracher declared that ‘the whole thesis of the [Italian] betrayal makes no sense’ (
La Repubblica
, 7 September 1983).
    15 The text of the appeal can be read in a leaflet dropped by German aircraft on the isle of Elba on 10 September 1943. A photographic copy of it exists in ISRT,
Documenti dei CLN di Livorno e Piombino
.
    16 Article entitled ‘Chi tradisce?’ in the 23 October 1943 issue of
L’Adunata dei refrattari
, the newspaper of the Italian anarchists in America (quoted in Laura Valentini’s degree thesis on Italian political emigration and the anti-Fascist press in the United States between 1940 and 1945, discussed at the University of Pisa with Professor Elena Aga-Rossi, academic year 1980–81).
    17 Article entitled ‘Il Re’, in
La Voce Repubblicana
, 6 October 1943. In the same number another article, ‘Quattro necessità’, spoke in any case of the Germans as the ‘ally, traitor’.
    18 Salvemini and Calamandrei, 7 December 1944, published in G. Salvemini,
Lettere dall’America 1944–1946
, ed. A. Merola, Bari: Laterza, 1967, pp. 53–4.
    19 S. Trentin, ‘Appello ai veneti, guardia avanzata della nazione italiana’, September 1943, published in
Giustizia e Libertà
, organ of the Veneto Action Party, 1 November 1943, also in S. Trentin,
Antifascismo e rivoluzione. Scritti e discorsi 1927–1944
, Venice: Marsilio, 1985, pp. 527–8.
    20 IVSR,
Stampa antifascista
.
    21 The episode is recounted by Calamandrei,
La vita indivisibile
, p. 110.
    22 Testimonies by Giuseppe Bandini, from Cecina, told to Tenda, and of OR, from Gorizia; the second recalls how the Germans, after capturing him and his fellow soldiers, abandoned by their officers, near Frascati, ‘left us to our destinies’ (
CU
).
    23 On 17 February 1943, to be exact. Cited in Deakin,
The Brutal Friendship
, p. 166. In another note that follows soon after (3 March), Ambrosio repeated the same concepts, accusing the Germans of not understanding the importance of the Mediterranean front (p. 202).
    24 ‘Appunti’ (‘Notes’) for the Foreign Ministry. See Deakin, p. 376.
    25 See General Rintelen’s report of late March 1943, quoted in Deakin, pp. 358–9. The formula ‘guerra parallela’ (‘parallel war’) is contained in a memorandum by Mussolini to the king of 31 March 1940 (Deakin, p. 11).
    26 See Degli Espinosa,
Il