Free High Mountains Rising by Richard A. Straw

Macmillan, 1972), 23.
    22. Lewis, “Beyond Isolation,” 33; Eller,
Miners, Millhands, Mountaineers
, 101; Ina Woestermeyer Van Noppen,
Western North Carolina since the Civil War
(Boone, N.C.: Appalachian Consortium Press, 1973).
    23. Margaret Ripley Wolfe,
Kingsport, Tennessee: A Planned American City
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987), chaps. 2 and 4;V. N. Phillips,
Bristol, Tennessee/Virginia: A History, 1852–1900
(Johnson City, Tenn.: Overmountain Press, 1992), chaps. 10 and 12.
    24. For the railroad’s impact elsewhere in Appalachia, see Allen W. Trelease,
The North Carolina Railroad, 1849–1871, and the Modernization of North Carolina
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991); William Price McNeel,
The Durbin Route: The Greenbrier Division of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
(Charleston, W.Va.: Pictorial Histories, 1985); Mary Verhoeff,
The Kentucky Mountains: Transportation and Commerce, 1750–1911
(Louisville, Ky.: Filson Club, 1911); Noe,
Southwest Virginia’s Railroad.
    25. There are two polar views on coal company towns. For the standard view that, with few exceptions, the company towns oppressed their inhabitants, see Eller,
Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers
, chap. 5; David Alan Corbin,
Life, Work, and Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners, 1880–1922
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), chap. 3. For the opposing view, which also grants exceptions but generally argues that life was better in company towns than what their inhabitants had previously known, see Crandall A. Shifflett,
Coal Towns: Life, Work, and Culture in Company Towns of Southern Appalachia, 1880–1960
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991).
    26. Lewis, “Beyond Isolation,” 35; The population data were extrapolated from the following decennial census reports: Department of Interior, Census Office,
Statistics of the Population of the United States at the Tenth Census: 1880
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883), Table 5, 380–415; Department of Interior, Census Office,
Report on Population of the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1897), Table 116, 530–627; Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census,
Special Reports: Occupations at the Twelfth Census, 1900
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), Table 41, 220–423;Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
Population 1910: Occupational Statistics
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1914), Vol. 4, Table 7, 434–534; Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
Fourteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1920: Population 1920: Occupations
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1923), Vol. 4, chapter 7, Table 1,874–1048. See also Randall G. Lawrence, “Appalachian Metamorphosis: Industrializing Society on the Central Appalachian Plateau” (unpublished Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1983), 51–52; Ronald L. Lewis, “From Peasant to Proletarian: The Migration of Southern Blacks to the Central Appalachian Coalfields,”
Journal of Southern History
55 (Feb. 1989): 81.
    27. Shifflett,
Coal Towns
, 81–84. For a classic novel portraying a Kentucky farm woman’s distaste for coal camp life, see James Still,
River of Earth
(1940; reprint, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1978).
    28. Joe William Trotter Jr.,
Coal, Class, and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915–32
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), chap. 3; Lewis, “Peasant to Proletarian,” 82.
    29. Lewis, “Peasant to Proletarian,” 86.
    30. Ibid., 88, quoted from James T. Lang, “The Negro Miner in West Virginia” (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1933), 126–27.
    31. Lewis, “Beyond Isolation,” 35–37; Margaret Ripley Wolfe, “Aliens in Southern Appalachia: Catholics in the Coal Camps,