Free High Mountains Rising by Richard A. Straw Page A

1900–1940,”
Appalachian Heritage
6 (Winter 1978): 45; Kenneth R. Bailey, “A Judicious Mixture: Negroes and Immigrants in the West Virginia Mines, 1880–1917,”
West Virginia History
34 (1973): 141–63.
    32. Lewis,
Black Coal Miners in America
, 156; Wolfe, “Aliens in Southern Appalachia,” 43; Barry O’Connell, “Doc Boggs, Musician and Coal Miner,”
Appalachian Journal
1–2 (Autumn-Winter 1983–84): 44–57.
    33. Shaunna L. Scott,
Two Sides to Everything: The Cultural Construction of Class Consciousness in Harlan County, Kentucky
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), 27–38. For a detailed study of the struggle to organize Harlan County, see John Hevener,
Which Side Are You On? The Harlan County Coal Miners, 1931–39
(1978; reprint, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002).
    34. Harry M. Caudill,
Night Comes to the Cumberlands: A Biography of a Depressed Area
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1962), 305–24.
    35. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Technological Change and Productivity in the Bituminous Coal Industry, 1920–1960
, Bulletin No. 1305 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1961); U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Characteristics of the Population
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1950); U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Characteristics of the Population
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1960; Keith Dix,
What’s a Coal Miner to Do? The Mechanization of Coal Mining
(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988).
    36. U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Characteristics of the Population
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970); U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Characteristics of the Population
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1980); U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Characteristics of the Population
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1990); National Mining Association,
Coal Data 2000
(Washington, D.C.: National Mining Association, 2000), 11–19; U.S. Department of Commerce,
Statistical Abstract of the United States
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2000), 421; Paul Nyden, “A Collapse of Coal Employment: Why Are the Jobs Vanishing?”
Sunday Gazette-Mail
(Charleston, W.Va.), 15 Oct. 1989.
    37. James S. Brown and George A. Hillery Jr., “The Great Migration, 1940–1960,” in
The Southern Appalachian Region: A Survey
, ed. Thomas R. Ford (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1962), 54–78. See also Chad Berry,
Southern Migrants, Northern Exiles
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000); Phillip J. Obermiller, Thomas E. Wagner, and E. Bruce Tucker, eds.,
Appalachian Odyssey: Historical Perspectives on the Great Migration
(Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2000); Andrew M. Isserman, “Appalachia Then and Now: Update of ‘The Realities of Deprivation’ Reported to the President in 1964,”
Journal of Appalachian Studies
3 (Spring 1997): 43–69.

10
    Folklife
    Michael Ann Williams
    Folklore is the study of artistic and expressive behavior in everyday life. Folklorists often focus on the aspects of artistic expression that are passed on orally or learned by example in informal situations, things that most people label as “traditional.” However, folklorists realize that new traditions constantly emerge in our lives, and something does not need to be old to be folklore. The concept of “folklife” expanded traditional folklore studies beyond verbal and musical traditions to study the wide range of material and spiritual, as well as oral, expressions.
    Folklorists study a variety of cultural groups, based, for example, on shared ethnicity, occupation, age group, or regional identity. For many Americans, the mention of folklore often conjures up thoughts of one particular region: Appalachia. In the Southern mountains, early folklorists and collectors such as Cecil Sharp found English ballads still preserved in living tradition. In