Free The United Nations Security Council and War:The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 by Adam Roberts, Vaughan Lowe, Jennifer Welsh, Dominik Zaum

(IGASOM), authorized by SC Res. 1725 of 6 December 2006.
• The US-led intervention in Afghanistan, following the attacks on 11 September 2001, which was based on the explicit recognition by the Security Council of the US right to self-defence under Art. 51 of the Charter in SC Res. 1368 of 12 September 2001, but not on any specific authorization by the Council.

     

     

     

     

     

APPENDIX 4: UN-AUTHORIZED SANCTIONS, 1945–2006
     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

APPENDIX 5: VETOED RESOLUTIONS IN THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL, 1945–2006
     
    These tables include all vetoes cast against full draft resolutions and parts of draft resolutions in the Security Council from 1946 (when the Security Council held its first meeting, in London) to the end of 2006. The first compares the number of resolutions vetoed with the number of resolutions passed each year. The second comprises the number of vetoes, as well as the number of resolutions vetoed – the former being higher, as some resolutions have been vetoed by more than one Permanent Member of the Security Council. The third table provides a detailed breakdown of all resolutions vetoed and all vetoes cast.
    The information here excludes vetoes against parts of resolutions and amendments to resolutions which were subsequently vetoed as a whole. It also excludes draft resolutions that failed to get sufficient votes to be passed (7 votes out of 11 before the end of 1965, and 9 votes out of 15 since then). For example, the draft resolution tabled by Russia on 26 March 1999, calling for an immediate cessation of the use of force against Yugoslavia (UN doc. S/1999/328), failed to obtain the necessary number of votes, and does not count as a veto by France, the UK, and the US. Vetoes made in closed sessions, in particular on the appointment of a new Secretary General, have usually not been made public, and are therefore not included in the table.
    Table 1. Resolutions passed and vetoed
     

     
    Table 2 Number of vetoes (and vetoed resolutions)
     

     
    Table 3 Resolutions vetoed and vetoes cast
     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

APPENDIX 6: USES OF THE UNITING FOR PEACE RESOLUTION, 1950–2006
     
    This table lists all the uses of the Uniting for Peace procedure, under which the Security Council or the majority of UN member states can call for an emergency special session of the General Assembly, ‘[i]f the Security Council, because of lack of unanimity of the permanent members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security in any case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression’, 1 to consider the matter. In the Security Council, the call for an emergency session is considered a procedural decision and therefore not subject to the veto. If a member state, rather than the Council, calls for an emergency special session and the General Assembly is not in regular session at the time, the Secretary General canvasses all member states to ascertain that a majority of states is in favour of convening an emergency special session.

     

     

APPENDIX 7: LIST OF ARMED CONFLICTS AND CRISES, 1945–2006
     
    This table aims to give a general overview of Security Council involvement (or otherwise) in a wide range of events relating to international peace and security since 1945. It seeks to be inclusive rather than definitionally narrow, but makes no claim to completeness. First and foremost, it encompasses a wide range of armed conflicts (including international wars, civil wars, and internationalized civil wars). It is notoriously difficult to establish clear criteria of what constitutes a war and what does not: numerical criteria for wars, such as 1,000 battle deaths as used by some studies, would exclude certain armed conflicts which we have included in this list.
    We have also included in this list some examples of certain