Free Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols by Kate Raphael Page B

Hospitallers.

    142 Barbican meaning the outer defense of a fortress. Bastion, a projecting part of the fortification.

    143 Battista and Bagatti, Monte Tabor , 86.

    144 Abū Shāma, , 108–9; Battista and Bagatti, Monte Tabor , 40

    145 Edwards, R.W., The Fortifications of Armenian Cilica (Washington, DC, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1986), 18–24.

    146 Johns, “ ,” 26–8.

    147 Ellenblum, “Construction,” 169–89.

    148 Tapered curtain wall stones can be seen at . But many of the stones do not comply with this rule.

    149 Edwards, Fortification , 22.

    150 Raphael, K. and Tepper, Y., “The archaeological evidence from the Mamluk siege of Arsūf,” MSR 9/1 (2005): 85–100, fig. 7.

    151 Johns, “ ,” 29.

    152 The siege of Nicea 1097, Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum , ed. R. Hill (London 1962), 2, VIII, 14; the siege of Tyre 1112, William of Tyre, book 13, ch. 6, 10 – 11; the siege of Ascalon 1153, ibid., bk. 17, ch. 27, 226; and at the siege of Arsuf 1101, ibid., book 17, ch. 23, 220–2.

    153 Duffy, C., Fire and Stone: The Science of Fortress Warfare 1660–1860 (London and Vancouver, 1975), 62.

    154 The shot space of time between the first and second phase should be regarded with some suspicion, it seems more than possible that initial idea was to build along the whole spur. If this was the case the second phase and first stages should be presented as one. It is possible that the construction was delayed due to the fear that the German Emperor and the Ayyubid Sultan, al-Malik al-Kāmil, would attack before the fortress was completed. I would like to thank Professor Ehud Netzer of the Department of Archaeology at the Hebrew University who suggested this idea in a conversation we had on methods of construction in the winter of 2005.

    155 Barthoux, “Forteresse de Saladin,” 48.

    156 Shapira, Y., “The tower in the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem,” MA thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000, 49 (Hebrew).

    157 Ibn Allāh, Tashrīf al-ayyām fī sīrat al-malik , ed. M. Kāmil (Cairo, 1961), 255.

    158 Barthoux, “Forteresse de Saladin,” 52. It is quite likely that the passage was sealed at an earlier period or that its construction was never completed.

    159 Wiet, “ Guindi,” 59. Barthoux, “Forteresse de Saladin,” 50–1.

    160 This seems to be the main difficult, since it hardly seems possible that garrisons stabled their horses outside the fortress.

    161 Genequand, D., “Umayyad castles; the shift from Late Antique military architecture to early Islamic palatial buildings,” in Military Architecture in Greater Syria , ed. H. Kennedy (Leiden and Boston, 2006), 3–25. See especially pages 13–20.

    162 Hartal, , 9–17.

    163 Amitai, “Ayyubid Inscriptions,” 113–19.

    164 The size of this gate tower is somewhat obscure, since there is no apparent correlation between the measurements given in the plan in Bagatti and Batistta’s publication and the measurements given in the text (20 × 15m). Battista and Bagatti, Monte Tabor , 46. As the tower no longer exists it is impossible to ascertain the true size of the construction. I decided to follow the plan, and the gate tower measurements of 12.5 × 17.5m.

    165 A French team comprised of architects, an archaeologist and a historian conducted a comprehensive study of the gate and its development. Dangles,“ Āğlūn ,” 3–4.

    166 Fleming, J., Honour, H. and Pevsner, N., Dictionary of Architecture (London, 1991), 278.

    167 For similar examples of gate towers see Belvoir, Caesarea, Chastel Pelerin, Beaufort, Saone, Crac des Chevaliers, and Margat.

    168 For a detailed description of this site see Ellenblum, Modern Histories , ch. 16.

    169 The fortress of Vadum Iacob was never completed. It is in fact a building site, a fortress under construction. The fortress is being excavated by a team from the Hebrew University headed by Professor Ellenblum from the Department of Geography, Hebrew