Free Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols by Kate Raphael

site for arms, tools and food. It was used twice as an assembly place for the army of the whole kingdom. Barber, Knighthood , 87; Kedar, B. Z. and Pringle, D., “La Fève: a Crusader castle in the Jezreal valley,” IEJ 35 (1985):164–79.

    74 Daniel of Kiev, The Pilgrimage of the Russian Abbot Daniel in the Holy Land 1106–1107 A.D., trans. from Russian by C. W. Wilson (London, 1985), PPTS , vol. 4, 66–7; Raba, J., Russian Travel Accounts on Palestine (Jerusalem, 1986), 63 (Hebrew). For a detailed account of the Crusader sources and the description of the Monasteries see Pringle, D., The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusale (Cambridge, 1998), vol. 2, 64–8.

    75 William of Tyre, Deeds , vol. 2, 495; This same attack is described y Ibn , but he does not describe the place. Kamāl al-Dīn Ibn , Zubdat min ta’rīkh , ed. Sāmī al-Dahhān (Damascus, 1951), vol. 3, 73–4; Ellenblum, Modern Histories , 136, 169.

    76 Ibn , Mufarrij , vol. 3, 215.

    77 Abū Shāma, , vol. 3, 315, 318, 320. According to Pringle Mount Tabor was raided in June 1187 a month before the battle of . But no damage was caused to the monasteries. Pringle, Churches , vol. 2, 66.

    78 Qalqashandī, , vol. 4, 109.

    79 Humphreys, Saladin , 75–9.

    80 Ibn al-Athīr, , al-Kāmil fī’l-ta’rīkh , ed. C. J. Tornberg (Beirut, 1966), vol. 12, 194–5.

    81 Ibn , vol. 3, 819.

    82 Marshall, Warfare , 19.

    83 Humphreys, Saladin , 136–7.

    84 Ibn , Mufarrij , vol. 3, 216; Ibn al-Athīr, Kāmil , vol. 12, 300.

    85 Benvenisti, Crusaders , 359.

    86 Ibn , Mufarrij , vol. 3, 215–16.

    87 Jacques de Vitry, History of Jerusalem A.D. 1189, trans. from Latin by A. Stewart (London, 1886), PPTS , vol. 11, 119.

    88 Ibid., 119.

    89 Riley-Smith, Crusades , 144–7.

    90 : thick conical clay pots with a short and narrow neck, containing an inflammable liquid and a wick, similar to a Molotov Cocktail. The wick was lit and the pot was thrown at the enemy. Thee are several questions concerning this peculiar weapon that have yet to be answered. In the case of Mount Tabor the Franciscan excavation had unearthed over twenty of those vessels in the fortress grounds. See Battista and Bagatti, Monte Tabor , 119–42. Ayalon says that “the use of naphtha by the Muslims reached its peak during the period of the Crusades.” See Ayalon, D., Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom , 2nd edn (London, 1978), 10–11.

    91 Ibn al-Jawzī, Mir’āt , vol. 8, pt. 2, 584–5.

    92 Ibn al-Athīr, Kāmil , vol. 12, 322.

    93 Ibn , Mufarrij , vol. 3, 215; Ibn Jawzī, Mir’āt , vol. 8, pt. 1, 585; Ibn al-Athīr, Kāmil , vol. 12, 323.

    94 Oliver of Paderborn, cited in Ellenblum, Modern Histories , n. 47, pp. 136, 137.

    95 Ibn , Mufarrij , vol. 3, 215.

    96 The Crusader armies only left Egypt twenty months later at the end of August 1221. Riley-Smith, Crusades , 147–9.

    97 Ibn , Mufarrij , vol. 3, 212.

    98 Abū ‘l-Fidā’, , vol. 12, 208.

    99 Maqrīzī, Sulūk , vol. 1, part 1, 176.

    100 Johns, “ ,” 24, 28.

    101 Ibn , Mufarrij , vol. 3, 202

    102 Ibid., 216.

    103 Battista and Bagatti, Monte Tabor , 72–3.

    104 Quran , Sura 2:262–3. Text, translation and commentary by Abdullah Yusuf Ali (Cambridge, MA, 1946), vol. 2.

    105 Battista and Bagatti, Monte Tabor , 92.

    106 Battista and Bagatti, Monte Tabor , 87. From first line to third line see Quran , sura II: 262.

    107 Amitai, “Ayyubid Inscriptions,” 114, n. 9.

    108 Battista and Bagatti, Monte Tabor , 95.

    109 Quran , Sura 48:1–3, vol. 2.

    110 Ibn al-Furāt, Ta’rīkh (Lyons), vol. 2, 260. This title is on the whole quite rare in inscriptions. It appears in an inscription from Bayt Hanūn dated 1239. Sharon, M., Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae (Leiden, Boston and Cologne, 1999), vol. 2, 99. During the early Mamluk period the rank of the amir Isfahsalar was probably equal to that of the amir tablkhānā . Humphreys, “Mamluk Army,” 147–82. See especially p. 174.

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