Free Hannibal: A Hellenistic Life by Eve MacDonald

1. Bronze gilt cuirass from Ksour es-Saf, Tunisia, c . third century BCE . This beautifully decorated cuirass was found in a tomb in the coastal region of Carthaginian territory, south of Hadrumentum. Hellenistic in style it may have been made in Italy and could have belonged to a soldier of Hannibal’s generation.

    2. The view from Eryx (modern Erice) looking west towards Drepanum (Trapani) and the Aegates Islands. The hill top position of Eryx commands the west and north-west coast of Sicily.

    3. The Oath of Hannibal by Benjamin West, 1770. The scene of the oath is here imagined in the eighteenth century with romance and exoticism. The focus of the painting is the sacrificial bull and hesitancy of the young boy while the shadowy figure of a romanized Ba’al lurks above.

    4. The Oath of Hannibal , eighteenth-century cartoon. ‘The Bedfordshire Hannibal’ illustrates just how familiar the story of Hannibal’s oath was in the eighteenth century when contemporary politicians could be lampooned in the popular media with scenes from the general’s life.

    5. Punic di-shekel showing Melqart (possibly Hamilcar) and elephant ( c . 237–209 BCE ). The figure of Melqart is depicted with the Heraklean attribute of a club on the obverse and an elephant and rider on the reverse. The coin was minted in Iberia and is perhaps the most renowned of all the images associated with the Barcid family and their conquests.

    6. Hannibal Crossing the Alps by Heinrich Leutemann, 1866. This hand-coloured etching captures the nineteenth-century fascination with the life of the Carthaginian general and the drama of the Alps crossing.

    7. Painting by Giambattista Tiepolo, 1725–1730. This early eighteenth-century painting illustrates the moment when Hannibal recognizes his brother Hasdrubal’s head after it was catapulted into his camp following the defeat at the battle of the Metaurus (in 207 BCE ).

    8. Hannibal’s head as portrayed on a monument in Gebze near Istanbul, twentieth century. The monument was commissioned by Atatürk and built after his death. Gebze is thought to be a possible location of ancient Libyssa, where Hannibal died.

    9. Hannibal(?) marble bust from Capua. The best-known image of Hannibal may not actually be Hannibal. The portrait was found in or near Capua and is clearly that of a helmeted military figure wearing the cloak ( paludamentum ) of a Roman commander.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
    T HERE ARE SO VERY many people who have been incredibly helpful in the process of writing this book. First on that list are my very patient editors at Yale University Press, Heather McCallum and Rachael Lonsdale. I also valued the comments of the anonymous readers who provided a great deal of clarity, useful observations and encouragement, as well as pointing out many errors, problems and omissions. Any left are mine alone. My good friends and colleagues Sandra Bingham and Stephen Copp have helped in the creation of this story in so many ways, including very practical ones. My students at the University of Reading who took the ‘Carthage’ module and had many ideas, thoughts and comments that helped to focus my thinking on the topic of Hannibal in the final stages of the book. There are also many other good friends, family (often both) and colleagues who have always been willing to encourage and listen when I am sure there were better things to consider than Hannibal – again many thanks. The greatest thanks of all must go to my husband, Keith Tracey, whose patience, editorial skills and even more patience helped to make this a much better work.

N OTE We know of at least six children born to Hamilcar Barca. The first three were girls and these anonymous daughters were married to form political and military alliances. His sons, ‘the lion cubs’ reared to destroy Rome (Valerius Maximus 9.3.2 claims four sons), fought together in the Second Punic War, as did his grandson Hanno (who commanded the left wing of cavalry at Cannae according