Free School Lunch Politics by Susan Levine Page B

Library.
    C HAPTER 7. A R IGHT TO L UNCH

    1. Kenneth Schlossberg, “Nutrition and Government Policy in the United States,” in Beverley Winikoff, ed., Nutrition and National Policy (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978), 329.
    2. United States Congress, Senate Subcommittee on Employment, Manpower, and Poverty, Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Hunger in America: Chronology and Selected Background Materials, 90th Cong., 2nd Sess., October 1968 (hereafter, Senate Subcommittee on Employment).
    3. United States Congress, Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, Senate, 90th and 91st Cong., 1968, (hereafter, Senate Select Committee), Part 9, p. 1069.
    4. White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health: Final Report (Washington, D.C. 1969), p. 260–62. According to a Department of Agriculture 1968 survey, total enrollment in public and private schools was 50.7 million. About 36.8 million, or 73%, were enrolled in schools participating in the lunch program. Actual participation rate was only 18.9 million, or 37%. Free and reduced price meals were provided for about 12% of the participating children. See Gordon W. Gunderson, “The National School Lunch Program: Background and Development,” Food and Nutrition Service, 63, U.S. Department of Agriculture 1971, p. 26.
    5. Committee on School Lunch Participation, Their Daily Bread: A Study of the National School Lunch Program (Atlanta: McNelley-Rudd, 1968), 15.
    6. Ibid., 16.
    7. Ibid., 16.
    8. See Judith Segal, Food for the Hungy: The Reluctant Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970), 11.
    9. The Citizens’ Crusade represented a coalition of religious, trade union, and other liberal activist groups. It was supported by the Chicago-based Field Foundation and led by Leslie Dunbar.
    10. “Sever Hunger Found in Mississippi,” New York Times (hereafter, NYT) June 17, 1967.
    11. Senate Select Committee, Part 1, December 17–19, 1968, v.
    12. Ibid., p. 6.
    13. For an overview, see Lawrence M. Friedman, “The Social and Political Context of the War on Poverty: An Overview,” and discussions by Nick Kotz and Robert Lapman in Robert H. Haveman, ed., A Decade of Federal Antipoverty Programs: Achievements, Failures, and Lessons (New York: Academic Press 1977).
    14. United States Congress, Senate Subcommittee on Employment, Manpower, and Poverty of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Hearings to Establish a Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, 90th Cong., 2nd Sess.,   May 23–June 13, 1968, Senate Hearings, Employment Subcommittee 1968, p. 12.
    15. Ibid. Congressional focus on hunger culminated in George McGovern’s formation of a Senate Select Committee at the end of 1968. This committee met in venues across the country for almost ten years. While the Committee reported no legislation to the Senate floor, it nonetheless drew national attention to the problem of hunger and poverty. In 1977 the Committee terminated its hearings after national legislation eliminating the purchase price of food stamps. See Peter K. Eisinger, Toward an End to Hunger in America (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), 78–83.
    16. See Susan Lynn, “Gender and Progressive Politics: A Bridge to Social Activism of the 1960s,” and Harriet Hyman Alonso, “Mayhem and Madness: Women’s Peace Advocates during the McCarthy Era,” both in Joanne Myerowitz, Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945–1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
    17. On the women’s movement in the post-World War II period, see Susan Levine, Degrees of Equality: The American Association of University Women and the Challenge of Twentieth Century Feminism (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995). Also, Leila J. Rupp and Verta Taylor, Survival in the Doldrums: The American Women’s Rights Movement 1945 to the 1960s (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991);